In the first years following Alexander’s death, Ptolemy (like
the other so-called Successors) continued to mint the traditional
coinage that had been issued by his hero. The main type of coin had
shown Alexander’s putative ancestor Herakles (Hercules) wearing on
his head the lion scalp that commemorated one of his legendary labours.
It was, after all, normal Greek practice to reserve the
“heads” side of a coin for the portrait of just such a god
or goddess: Athena at Athens, Persephone at Syracuse, Helios at Rhodes
and so forth. Then Ptolemy dared take a step that has stirred no end of
debate among scholars — one that, in essence, threw a rock into
the still waters of Greek art and religion, sending great ripples
outward through time and place to Sicily, Syria, Rome and beyond:
Ptolemy replaced the portrait of Herakles on Alexander’s
posthumous coinage with a stunning image of another god —
Alexander himself.
On these new coins, Alexander wears the scalp of an Indian elephant
in the same way Herakles wore the lion pelt. Alexander also sports the
aegis of Zeus, a scaly bib that could create thunder and ward off
enemies. The aegis appears around Alexander’s neck, tied in place
by the knotted bodies of two writhing snakes. In addition, these coins
show above Alexander’s ear the unmistakable ram’s horn of
the Egyptian deity Ammon (identified as Zeus by the Greeks). It was a
conspicuous case of identity theft, as Ptolemy appropriated for
Alexander the singular characteristics of the Graeco-Egyptian god.
Ptolemy’s Alexander is Zeus / Ammon.
According to experts, Ptolemy thus not only exalted his hero but, by
doing so, also elevated his own status as the caretaker of that
hero’s corpse — now not just the body of a great leader, but
of a god...